after the war with iraq which ended in 1988, iran implemented several agricultural support policies based on five-year national development plans. the main objective of these plans in the agriculture sector was to make the agricultural economy more market-oriented and to encourage sustainable agriculture. this paper investigates the extent to which iran's government has been able to achieve thi...

Answer. There is no single best way to capture the budgetary effects of federal pension plans. As required by law, the Congressional Budget Office estimates the budgetary effects of federal defined benefit pension plans on a cash basis—that is, transactions are recorded when annuity payments are made or revenues are received. Although that method recognizes the cost of outlays when they occur, ...

The Institute of Public Finance deals with economic research and analysis related to various forms of public finances such as the budget, taxation and customs duties. Its orientation is thus to the various economic, legal and institutional topics that are important for the sound long-term economic development of the Republic of Croatia. So that the public should be able to have a better insight...

The 2014 CAP introduced the Small Farmers Scheme (SFS), offering small farms option of an unconditional annual lump-sum payment per farm replacing standard first pillar direct payments. This paper assesses acceptability in France extended version SFS for post-2020 CAP: it includes conditions on farmers' environmental efforts and salaried employment. results a discrete choice experiment conducte...

According to the disciplining hypothesis, globalization restrains governments by inducing increased budgetary pressure. As a consequence, governments shift their expenditures in favour of transfers and subsidies and away from capital expenditures. This expenditure shift is potentially enhanced by citizens’ preferences to be compensated for the risks of globalization (“compensation hypothesis”)....

Grime and Punishment: Job Insecurity and Wage Arrears in the Russian Federation Using information from two complementary household survey data sets, we show that the dominant form of labor market adjustment in the Russian transition process has been the delayed receipt of wages. More than half the workforce is experiencing some form of disruption to their pay. Wage arrears are found across the ...

Protected areas (PAs) and payments for ecosystem services (PES) are key global land conservation policies, yet there are few empirical comparisons of their impacts. We study how PAs and PES affected forest conservation, poverty reduction and population change at the locality level in Mexico in the past decade. We find that both generated an approximately 20% reduction in expected forest cover l...

and colleagues present a rigorous and comprehensive examination of pharmacare policy in British Columbia, specifically the introduction of co-payments for seniors in 2002, followed by an income-based " Fair PharmaCare " Program in 2003. Fair PharmaCare achieved its primary objective of reducing public expenditures on pharmaceuticals – an unsurprising accomplishment. Although politically hazardo...

Governments borrow funds to finance the excess of cash payments or interest payments over receipts, usually by issuing fixed income debt and index-linked debt. The goal of this work is to propose a stochastic optimization-based approach to determine the composition of the portfolio issued over a series of government auctions for the fixed income debt, to minimize the cost of servicing debt whil...

Tax policies and public spending reflect the taking giving powers of government. However, when thinking about these, government are perceived as most prominent. Why is government's relationship with society seemingly asymmetric in that give take? What leads to these perceptions? This article's starting point instability corporate income taxes expenditure arrears two features poor fiscal governa...